Network¶

Network Layers (OSI, TCP/IP)¶

Layer	Description	Protocols or Devices
Application	Provide network services to End-user applications, such as data format, session control, resource presentation, etc.	DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, RPC, P2P, EMail
Transport	Ensures complete data transfer with error checking and data flow control.	UDP, TCP
Network	Handles routing and forwarding of data packets between devices on different networks.	ICMP, IP, Route(OSPF, BGP), IPSec; Network Gateway, Network load balancer
Data Link	Manages data transfer between neighbor network nodes, ensuring error-free transmission.	MAC, APP, VLAN, STP
Physical	Deals with the physical connection between devices.	Network interface, Cables, Ethernet hub, Network switch